Empires
The greatest civilizations that ruled the world · 94
Byzantine Empire
Continuation of the Roman Empire (330–1453)
Roman Empire
27 BC–476/1453 AD state and civilization
Ottoman Empire
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
Ming dynasty
Imperial dynasty of China (1368–1644)
Inca Empire
1438–1533 empire in South America
Han dynasty
Imperial dynasty in China (202 BC – 220 AD)
Aztecs
Ethnic group of central Mexico and its civilization
Russian Empire
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
Holy Roman Empire
European political entity (800/962–1806)
Abbasid Caliphate
Third Islamic caliphate
Austria-Hungary
1867–1918 empire in Central Europe
Spanish Empire
Colonial empire between 1492 and 1976
Carolingian Empire
Frankish empire in Europe (800–887)
Roman Republic
Period of Roman history (c. 509 – 27 BC)
Portuguese Empire
Colonial empire between 1415 and 1999
Paul Feyerabend
Austrian philosopher of science (1924–1994)
Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610)
Electress consort of Bavaria
John, Constable of Portugal
Portuguese prince and Constable of Portugal (1400–1442)
Henry II of Castile
King of Castile and León (1366–1367, 1369–1379)
Al-Hakam II
Caliph of Córdoba from 961 to 976
Lucius Aelius Caesar
Adopted son and heir of Emperor Hadrian (101–138)
Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
Brazilian politician (1763–1838)
Philip V of Spain
King of Spain (r. 1700–1724; 1724–1746)
Acts of Union 1707
Acts of Parliament creating the Kingdom of Great Britain
Ivan the Terrible
Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584
House of Medici
Italian banking family and political dynasty
Council of Nablus
Council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in 1120
Abd al-Rahman III
Final Emir of Córdoba (r. 912–929); founder and 1st Caliph of Córdoba (r. 929–961)
Sade (singer)
British singer and songwriter (born 1959)
Francis II of the Two Sicilies
King of the Two Sicilies from 1859 to 1861
Bayinnaung
Emperor of the Toungoo dynasty
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
British prince, son of Queen Victoria (1850–1942)
Rodrigues Alves
President of Brazil from 1902 to 1906
Princess Paula of Brazil
Brazilian aristocrat (1823–1833)
Edward Gibbon
British essayist, historian and politician (1737–1794)
Joseph Vaz
Oratorian priest and missionary (1651–1711)
Emperor Higashiyama
Emperor of Japan from 1687 to 1709
House of Burgundy
Dukes of Burgundy, 1032 to 1361
Aloe Blacc
American singer (born 1979)
Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)
British princess
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989
Tewfik Pasha
Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1879 to 1892
Josef Stefan
Carinthian Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet (1835–1893)
Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Queen of Portugal from 1816 to 1826
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
Savoyard nobleman and antipope (1383–1451)
Charles I of Anjou
King of Sicily from 1266 to 1285
London
Capital of England and the United Kingdom
Rod Stewart
British singer-songwriter (born 1945)
Philip the Good
Duke of Burgundy from 1419 to 1467
Paul Henreid
Austrian-American actor and film director (1908–1992)
Al-Mustansir Billah
Fatimid caliph from 1036 to 1094/95
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg from 1820 to 1829
Bretislav I
Duke of Bohemia from 1034 to 1055
Finnish Declaration of Independence
1917 resolution declaring independence from Russia
Myanmar
Country in Southeast Asia
Dutch Republic
Predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795)
Brian Josephson
British physicist (born 1940)
François d'Aguilon
Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect (1567–1617)
Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
Count of Savoy from 1343 to 1383
Louise, Princess Royal
British princess (1867–1931)
Euro
Currency of the European Union
Denmark
Country in Northern Europe
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
British territory from 1953 to 1963
Cameroon
Country in Central Africa
Spain
Country in Southern and Western Europe
Sudan
Country in Northeast Africa
Zollverein
Economic union of German states (1834–1919)
Sweden
Country in northern Europe
State of Brazil
1621–1815 state of the Portuguese Empire
House of Braganza
Portuguese dynasty
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor from 1556 to 1564
Albert II of Germany
King of Hungary 1437–1439, King of the Romans 1438-1439, King of Bohemia 1438-1439
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Byzantine emperor from 1261 to 1282
Romanos IV Diogenes
Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071
Dinastia Qing
The Qing Dynasty was the final chapter of a millennia-old history: the era of the great imperial dynasties that ruled China. Led by the Manchus, a people of Tungusic ethnic origin
Dinastia Sung
The Song Dynasty ruled China for over three centuries—from 960 to 1279—and left humanity with a legacy of scientific, technological, and cultural contributions that still shape the
Áustria-Hungria
Austria-Hungary was one of the most singular political experiments in European history. Formally established in 1867 and dissolved in 1918, this dual monarchy united under a single
Hititas
For a long time, the Hittites were a forgotten people. While the memory of the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians endured in the collective imagination—passed down through gener
Império Parta
**TITLE:** The Parthian Empire
Império Máuria
Few empires in human history have managed to unite, in such a short time, so many territories, populations, and distinct traditions under a single rule. The Maurya Empire achieved
Império Selêucida
**TITLE:** The Seleucid Empire
Civilização asteca
**TITLE:** The Aztec Civilization
Império do Mali
Among the great empires that shaped human history, few combine such wealth, territorial expanse, and cultural influence as the Mali Empire. Emerging in West Africa during the Middl
Império Songai
Across the vast expanse of the African Sahel, where the desert meets the savanna and caravan routes cross the Niger River valley, one of the greatest empires West Africa ever knew
Império Sassânida
**TITLE:** The Sasanian Empire
Reino Ptolemaico
**TITLE:** The Ptolemaic Kingdom
Reino Visigótico
**TITLE:** The Visigothic Kingdom
República de Veneza
**TITLE:** The Republic of Venice
Dinastia Tang
Among the great periods in Chinese history, few rivaled the splendor and vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Founded in 618 by Li Yuan, a high-ranking official from the military aristocr
Império Gupta
The history of human civilization holds few periods as admired as the one in which the Indian subcontinent experienced its intellectual, artistic, and scientific flourishing under
Império Quemer
In the heart of Southeast Asia, between the 9th and 15th centuries, one of the most majestic and technologically advanced empires of ancient history rose: the Khmer Empire, also kn
Macedónia Antiga
On the northern periphery of the ancient Greek world, a kingdom long regarded as semi-barbaric by the more sophisticated inhabitants of the southern *poleis* rose to become the gre
Reino do Congo
**TITLE:** The Kingdom of Kongo