Stuart Howe Ingersoll (June 3, 1898 – January 29, 1983) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy. He was a naval aviator whose career included service as an aircraft carrier commander during World War II and tours as commander-in-chief of the United States Seventh Fleet, President of the Naval War College, and Commandant of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy.
Ingersoll was born on 3 June 1898 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Appointed from Maine to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, he was admitted to the school on 19 July 1917. The United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917, and he arrived at the academy as a member of the Class of 1921 at a time when the school's student body and staff were growing rapidly to meet the need for naval officers in the expanding wartime navy. On 4 March 1917, the United States Congress authorized the academy to shorten its four-year program to three years, with the school year starting earlier than usual, the second class (i.e., junior year) deleted, and instruction normally held that year taught in the plebe (i.e., freshman) or first class (i.e., senior year) instead. The top 286 members of the Class of 1921 — Ingersoll among them — graduated after only three years, on 3 June 1920, and were commissioned as ensigns on 5 June 1920, while the other 280 members of the class graduated in 1921 as the academy returned to its four-year curriculum. Ingersoll's Naval Academy years included a cruise on the battleship USS Missouri (BB-11).
Ingersoll reported aboard the battleship USS North Dakota (BB-29) on 8 July 1920 to begin his first tour of duty as a naval officer. In 1921, he transferred to the destroyer USS Cassin (DD-43). After Cassin was decommissioned in 1922, he transferred to the destroyer USS Hopkins (DD-249), which operated from Constantinople in the waters of the Ottoman Empire during his tour. Promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 5 June 1923, he was serving aboard the destroyer USS Sicard (DD-346) in the United States Asiatic Fleet by the beginning of 1924. During his tour, Sicard supported the first aerial circumnavigation of the world by four United States Army Air Service Douglas World Cruiser aircraft in 1924. He transferred to the destroyer USS Borie (DD-215) in 1925.
Detaching from Borie in July 1925, Ingersoll reported to Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida, on 1 August 1925 for aviation training. He qualified as a naval aviator, was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1926, and on 1 September 1926 reported for duty as a pilot with Bombing Squadron 1 (VB-1). Before the end of 1926 he began duty aboard the seaplane tender USS Wright (AV-1), and in 1927 he left Wright to become a pilot in Torpedo Squadron 1 (VT-1), remaining with the squadron until 1928. By the beginning of 1929 he was a pilot in Bombing Squadron One (VB-1B) in the Battle Fleet. He left the squadron that year to serve aboard the battleship USS Maryland, detaching from her in June 1929.
Ingersoll reported for duty at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads at Naval Air Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia, on 28 July 1929. On 1 July 1931, he returned to sea, beginning a tour aboard the aircraft carrier USS Langley (CV-1). Detaching from Langley in June 1933, he returned to Naval Air Station Norfolk on 29 June 1933 for another tour there. He returned to the fleet on 26 July 1935, beginning a tour with Bombing Squadron 5B (VB-5B). He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 July 1936, by which time he had completed the Naval War College correspondence course in naval strategy and naval tactics.
Leaving VB-5B in December 1936, Ingersoll reported on 31 December 1936 for duty in connection with the new aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5), then fitting out at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Newport News, Virginia. He detached from Yorktown prior to her commissioning, and on 30 September 1937 he assumed command of Patrol Squadron 18 (VP-18), a new squadron established at Naval Air Station Seattle in Seattle, Washington on 1 September 1937. Under his command, the squadron took delivery of its first aircraft, 15 Consolidated P2Y-3 flying boats, on 15 January 1938, was redesignated Patrol Squadron 13 (VP-13) on 1 July 1939, and was redesignated Patrol Squadron 26 (VP-26) on 11 December 1939.
Ingersoll left the squadron in July 1940 and began a tour with the Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C. Promoted to commander on 1 April 1941. he became the assistant naval attache in London 16 April 1941.
The United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941. Early in 1942, Ingersoll was the air operations officer on the staff of Rear Admiral Arthur L. Bristol Jr., who was commander of the U.S. Navy Support Force at Argentia in the Dominion of Newfoundland, the force responsible for U.S. Navy convoy escort of Allied and neutral shipping in the North Atlantic Ocean west of Iceland. During this period, U.S. Navy PBO Hudson patrol aircraft from Argentia sank the first two German submarines (U-boats) sunk by the United States Armed Forces during World War II. Advanced to the temporary rank of captain on 20 June 1942, Ingersoll had shore duty at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., from 1942 to 1943, when he transferred to the escort aircraft carrier USS Card (CVE-11), which operated as flagship of Task Group 21.14, a hunter-killer group operating against German submarines in the North Atlantic. In October 1943, he received the Legion of Merit for his tour aboard Card, the citation reading in part:
...During a period of intense anti-submarine activities in the North Atlantic, Captain Ingersoll was responsible for detailed supervision of convoy escort operations. Through superior knowledge and seamanship, he contributed materially to the steady decline in shipping losses.
On 10 April 1944 Ingersoll became the commanding officer of the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26), which operated in the Pacific Ocean in the United States Third and Fifth Fleets. He commanded Monterey during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 the Battle of Guam in July–August 1944, air strikes by the Fast Carrier Task Force against Formosa in mid-October 1944, and the Leyte campaign and Battle of Leyte Gulf later in October 1944. He received the Navy Cross for his actions during the Formosa raids and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the citation reading in part:
...for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Light Aircraft Carrier U.S.S. MONTEREY (CVL-26), in the face of tremendous enemy opposition during action against enemy Japanese forces off Formosa during the period 29 August 1944 through 30 October 1944. When the MONTEREY came under heavy Japanese aerial attack while boldly penetrating the hazardous waters off Formosa on 13–14 October , Captain Ingersoll fearlessly held his courage and, hurling the full fighting strength of his planes, despite terrific odds succeeded in blasting a number of hostile aircraft from the sky with no damage to his own vessel. During the Battle for Leyte Gulf on 25–26 October 1944, he inflicted heavy damage and destruction upon capital ships of the Japanese fleet in a bitterly fought, decisive engagement. Captain Ingersoll's inspiring leadership and the valiant devotion to duty of his command contributed in large measure to the outstanding success of these vital missions.
During the extremely dangerous Typhoon Cobra of December 1944, aircraft on Monterey's hangar deck broke loose and wrought destruction as they slid across the deck while the ship rolled heavily, igniting a fire. Urged to abandon ship by United States Third Fleet commander Admiral William F. Halsey Jr., Ingersoll exhibited determination to save Monterey in ignoring the order as he directed his crew – which included future U.S. U.S. President Gerald R. Ford – to extinguish the fire and displayed excellent seamanship in saving the ship. Ingersoll relinquished command of Monterey on 28 January 1945. In March 1945, he took up duties as Commandant of Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy.