Pierre Alexandre Claudius Balmain (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ balmɛ̃]; 18 May 1914 – 29 June 1982) was a French fashion designer and founder of leading post-war fashion house Balmain. He was one of the Big Four of 1950s haute couture, the others being Christian Dior, Jacques Fath and Jean Dessès.
Balmain was born in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, an alpine community in southwest France. He was the only child of Maurice-Eugène, who owned a drapery business, and Françoise-Pierrette who, with her sisters, ran a fashion boutique called Galeries Parisiennes. His father died when he was seven and, at eleven, he won a scholarship to attend a boarding school at nearby Chambéry. On week-ends, an uncle would take him to Aix-les-Bains, a spa town half an hour away which, at the time, was the playground of the rich and famous. It was the Roaring Twenties, and members of high society from Europe, Britain and North America flocked to the town to enjoy the Grand Cercle Casino, the Aix-Les-Bains International tennis tournament, thermal spas and luxury hotels. Here, Balmain met many society women and was exposed to the dramatically changing fashions of the time. His inspirations were Madame Premet, Paul Poiret, Jean Patou, Coco Chanel and, especially, Jacques Doucet.
In 1933, at 19, he moved to Paris to study architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts. He met the designer Robert Piguet, who had just opened his atelier; Balmain sold him three fashion sketches. Realizing that he wanted a career in fashion, he left school and, in 1934, took a job with Edward Molyneux. In 1936, he was called for his mandatory military service, assigned first to the Air Force, then the Pioneers of the Foreign Legion and, at the outset of World War II, the Alpine defense force, Chasseurs Alpins with which he was mobilized in the Maurienne region. When France fell in 1940, he was demobilized and returned to Aix-les-Bains, where his mother now owned a boutique. There, he met Lucien Lelong, who offered him a job. Balmain returned to Paris.
Edward Molyneux taught Balmain a crucial lesson of fashion design: "to strip away anything non-essential...any ornamental detail is valid only if it makes a constructive contribution to the dress." Lelong taught him the business of fashion. Balmain had retail and sales experience from working at his mother's boutiques but Lelong was the master. At the time, Lelong was president of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture, having developed his parents' small dressmaking business into one of most successful fashion houses of its time. In the 1920s, he had pioneered the practice of offering discounts to society ladies who would wear his clothes, and agree to be photographed in them. In 1934, he had launched the first ready-to-wear line by a haute couture house, and he had an international perfume division. He managed design, production, quality control, personnel and marketing. Having worked in fashion through one war, he was expert at managing tight supply chains. And he was a diplomat; when the Germans occupied Paris in 1940, it was Lelong who convinced them to keep the fashion houses open. Lelong did not design clothes; he hired designers and jump-started the careers of Christian Dior and Hubert de Givenchy, among others. These are the people Balmain was designing with and they were all learning from Lelong. It's telling that Balmain's most successful design while at Lelong was a simple black dress called "Petit Profit" ("Small Profit"), and that he carefully recorded that it was ordered by 360 clients. At war's end, and as Lelong's retirement approached, Balmain was ready to go out on his own.
In early 1945, Balmain opened House of Balmain at 44 rue François-Ier, in the Paris luxury district known as the 'Golden Triangle'; his mother sold her boutique to become his investor and he was able to hire 16 seamstresses. The building was very grand—it belonged to the family of The Princesse de Broglie, and Balmain made it more grand with lavish decoration and furnishings. He had his first show in his atelier on October 12, 1945 and, with 50 models, showed flannel trousers, loose homespun Breton jackets, large woollen kimonos trimmed with black Persian lamb, and luxurious brocade dresses. That collection was showcased in Vogue, and fashion writers wrote impressive reviews. Also promoting the collection was Balmain's closest friend, the American writer and art collector Gertrude Stein. They met in Aix-les-Bains in 1939, and Stein liked to tell people that, during the war, Balmain had made clothes for her. As an art collector, and host of famous artistic and literary salons, Stein brought with her a long list of wealthy clients. Thanks to Stein, Time printed a photo of one of his dresses, and he was being talked about—four clients to come from his first show were Josephine Baker, Helena Rubinstein, Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, and the wife of the King of Belgium, Lilian Baels. In tribute to the Duchess, in every show for the rest of his career, Balmain included one outfit in her favorite combination, navy blue and black.
In 1947, Dior introduced the "New Look", which was long bell-shaped skirts cascading from small waists. Balmain was already doing that. He also introduced a classic two-piece suit, softening the angular 1940s lines with relaxed skirts and adding his signature six-button tailored jackets. He made shift dresses and fur shawls acceptable for day wear, paired slimline dresses with jackets and large hats, and became the leader of the post-war style dubbed "Jolie Madame". His called dress-making "the architecture of movement" and introduced opulence and luxury that was also practical and comfortable. He also immediately introduced best-selling perfumes. Through Piguet, he had met the perfumer Germaine Cellier and the two would work together for three decades, releasing Elysees 64-83 (1946), Vent Vert (1947), Balmain (1948), and Jolie Madame (1953). In 1960, Balmain sold Les Parfums Pierre Balmain of Paris to Revlon, but he continued to create the fragrances that bore his name: Monsieur Balmain (1964), Miss Balmain (1967), Ivoire de Balmain (1979) and Ébène (1983).
In 1946, after a highly-successful show which was reviewed by Stein's partner Alice B. Toklas and published as A New French Style: Eight Models from Pierre Balmain, Balmain visited New York for the first time. Following Lelong's philosophy on promoting French culture, and at Stein's urging, he took the position that he was acting as an ambassador. For the rest of his life, he would travel to the US on business, but also to tour the country, giving lectures to clubs and girls’ colleges. He found the New York market "fascinating", opened his first New York store in 1949, and was soon creating lines specifically for American women, as well as adapting French fashion for them; in 1961, for example, his homespun Breton jacket became the "Manhattan Coat". His products were available throughout the US and Canada, in department stores such as Jordan Marsh, Eaton's and B. Altman. In 1955, he won the prestigious Neiman Marcus Fashion Award. He did the same thing for Australian women, touring the country, in designing an Australian line and establishing himself in Australian stores.
In 1951, Balmain launched a ready-to-wear line, which included suits, gowns, coats, furs and sportswear. By now, he employed several designers as assistants, including Gérard Pipart, John Cavanagh, and Karl Lagerfield. Through the 1950s, Balmain's designs were seen world-wide as he established close relationships with women such as Ingrid Bergman, Vivien Leigh and Bronwen Astor, who became one of his muses—another was Gina Lollobrigida, who was partial to his beaded dresses. He designed the wedding gowns for Patrice Wymore when she married Errol Flynn, and for Audrey Hepburn when she married Mel Ferrer. In 1955, he employed 600 seamstresses in 12 ateliers.
In 1958, it was decided that Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej and his wife, Queen Sirikit, would embark on a six-month tour of the United States and 15 European nations, with the goal of strengthening international relations and introducing Thai culture. At the time, Thailand had no "national costume", so Sirikit created "Chut Thai Phra Ratcha Niyom" (Royal Favored Thai Dress), a set of eight luxurious gowns which represented Thai women and cultural history. Balmain was chosen to create the gowns, and her entire wardrobe for the trip. Using Thai silks, he made tailored suits, cocktail dresses, and evening gowns, in addition to the Chut Thai. When the tour took place in 1960, the international media was captivated, with The New York Times writing that "Thailand has found a new language, elegance." It is estimated that over 1,000 photographs of the tour were printed in the western media.