Louisa May Alcott ( AWL-kət; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known for writing the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Good Wives (1869), Little Men (1871), and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, including Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. Encouraged by her family, Alcott began writing from an early age.
Alcott's family experienced financial hardship, and while Alcott took on various jobs to help support the family from an early age, she also sought to earn money by writing. In the 1860s she began to achieve critical success for her writing with the publication of Hospital Sketches, a book based on her service as a nurse in the American Civil War. Early in her career, she sometimes used pen names such as A. M. Barnard, under which she wrote lurid short stories and sensation novels for adults. Little Women was one of her first successful novels and has been adapted for film and television. It is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her three sisters, Abigail May Alcott Nieriker, Elizabeth Sewall Alcott, and Anna Alcott Pratt.
Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist and remained unmarried throughout her life. She also spent her life active in reform movements such as temperance and women's suffrage. During the last eight years of her life she raised the daughter of her deceased sister. She died from a stroke in Boston on March 6, 1888, just two days after her father's death and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Louisa May Alcott has been the subject of numerous biographies, novels, and a documentary, and has influenced other writers and public figures such as Theodore Roosevelt and Ursula K. Le Guin.
Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, now part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker Abigail May. Alcott was the second of four daughters, with Anna as the eldest and Elizabeth and May as the youngest. Alcott was named after her mother's sister, Louisa May Greele, who had died four years earlier. After Alcott's birth, Bronson kept a record of her development, noting her strong will, which she may have inherited from her mother May's side of the family. He described her as "fit for the scuffle of things".
The family moved to Boston in 1834, where Alcott's father established the experimental Temple School and met with other transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson participated in child-care but often failed to provide income, creating conflict in the family. At home and in school he taught morals and improvement, while Abigail emphasized imagination and supported Alcott's writing at home. With all the commotion going on at the time, writing helped her handle her emotions. Alcott was often tended by her father's friend Elizabeth Peabody, and later she frequently visited Temple School during the day.
Alcott kept a journal from an early age. Bronson and Abigail often read it and left short messages for her on her pillow. She was a tomboy who preferred boys' games and preferred to be friends with boys or other tomboys. She wanted to play sports with the boys at school but was not allowed to.
Alcott was primarily educated by her father, who established a strict schedule and believed in "the sweetness of self-denial." When Alcott was still too young to attend school, Bronson taught her the alphabet by forming the letter shapes with his body and having her repeat their names. For a time she was educated by Sophia Foord, whom she would later eulogize. She was also instructed in biology and Native American history by Thoreau, who was a naturalist, while Emerson mentored her in literature. Alcott had a particular fondness for Thoreau and Emerson; as a young girl, they were both "sources of romantic fantasies for her." Her favorite authors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sir Walter Scott, Fredericka Bremer, Thomas Carlyle, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Goethe, John Milton, Friedrich Schiller, and Germaine de Staele.
In 1840, after several setbacks with Temple School and a brief stay in Scituate, the Alcotts moved to Hosmer Cottage in Concord. Emerson, who had convinced Bronson to move his family to Concord, paid rent for the family, who were often in need of financial help. While living there, Alcott and her sisters befriended the Hosmer, Goodwin, Emerson, Hawthorne, and Channing children, who lived nearby. The Hosmer and Alcott children put on plays and often included other children. Alcott and Anna also attended school at the Concord Academy, though for a time Alcott attended a school for younger children held at the Emerson house. At eight years old, Alcott wrote her first poem, "To the First Robin". When she showed the poem to her mother, Abigail was pleased.
In October 1842, Bronson returned from a visit to schools in England and brought Charles Lane and Henry Wright with him to live at Hosmer Cottage, while Bronson and Lane made plans to establish a "New Eden". The children's education was undertaken by Lane, who implemented a strict schedule. Alcott disliked Lane and found the new living arrangements difficult.
In 1843, Bronson and Lane established Fruitlands, a utopian community, in Harvard, Massachusetts, where the family were to live. Alcott later described these early years in a newspaper sketch titled "Transcendental Wild Oats", reprinted in Silver Pitchers (1876), which relates the family's experiment in "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands. There, Alcott enjoyed running outdoors and found happiness in writing poetry about her family, elves, and spirits. She later reflected with distaste on the amount of work she had to do outside of her lessons. She also enjoyed playing with Lane's son William and often put on fairy-tale plays or performances of Charles Dickens's stories. She read works by Dickens, Plutarch, Lord Byron, Maria Edgeworth, and Oliver Goldsmith.
During the demise of Fruitlands, the Alcotts discussed whether or not the family should separate. Alcott recorded this in her journal and expressed her unhappiness should they separate. After the collapse of Fruitlands in early 1844, the family rented in nearby Still River, where Alcott attended public school and wrote and directed plays that her sisters and friends performed.
In April 1845, the family returned to Concord, where they bought a home they called Hillside with money Abigail inherited from her father. Here, Alcott and her sister Anna attended a school run by John Hosmer after a period of home education. The family again lived near the Emersons, and Alcott was granted open access to the Emerson library, where she read Carlyle, Dante, Shakespeare, and Goethe. In the summer of 1848, sixteen-year-old Alcott opened a school of twenty students in a barn near Hillside. Her students consisted of the Emerson, Channing, and Alcott children.
The two oldest Alcott girls continued acting in plays written by Alcott. While Anna preferred portraying calm characters, Alcott preferred the roles of villains, knights, and sorcerers. These plays later inspired Comic Tragedies (1893). The family struggled without income beyond the girls' sewing and teaching. Eventually, some friends arranged a job for Abigail and three years after moving into Hillside, the family moved to Boston. Hillside was sold to Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1852. Alcott described the three years she spent at Concord as a child as the "happiest of her life."
When the Alcott family moved to the South End of Boston in 1848, Alcott had work as a teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and laundress, to earn money for the family. Together, Alcott and her sister taught a school in Boston, though Alcott disliked teaching. Her sisters also supported the family by working as seamstresses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. Elizabeth and May were able to attend public school, though Elizabeth later left school to undertake the housekeeping. Due to financial pressures, writing became a creative and emotional outlet for Alcott. In 1849 she created a family newspaper, the Olive Leaf, named after the local Olive Branch. The family newspaper included stories, poems, articles, and housekeeping advice. It was later renamed to The Portfolio. She also wrote her first novel, The Inheritance, which was published posthumously and based on Jane Eyre. Alcott, who was driven to escape poverty, wrote, "I wish I was rich, I was good, and we were all a happy family this day."