Cai Chang (Chinese: 蔡畅; pinyin: Cài Chàng; EFEO: Ts'ai Tch'ang; 14 May 1900 – 11 September 1990) was a Chinese politician and women's rights activist who was the first chair of the All-China Women's Federation, a Chinese women's rights organization. She was among the leading women of the Chinese communist movement, and in 1937 the American writer Nym Wales called her the "Dean of Communist women". She was the first woman to become a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, and she chaired the All-China Women's Federation from 1949 to 1977.
Cai Chang was born in 1900 in Xiangxiang County, Hunan (present-day Shuangfeng County, Hunan), to a lower middle class family in Qing China. Her mother, Ge Jianhao, came from a formerly wealthy family of scholars connected by marriage to Zeng Guofan, and was determined that all her children, daughters as well as sons, should be educated. Her father, Cai Rongfeng (1862–1932), was unsuccessful in business, working first in his family's chili sauce business and then at the Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai, before failing again as a farmer in the countryside. Her mother left her husband and paid for her children's schooling by selling her belongings. Cai was the youngest of six children, all of whom were very close to their mother, and two of whom died young. Her eldest sister, Cai Qingxi, born in 1884, returned to the family home soon after her own marriage. Two of her brothers, Cai Hesen (1895–1931) and Cai Luxian (1889–1925), later died as communist martyrs.
Known in childhood as Maomeizi, she took the name Cai Xianxi when she entered the Xiangxiang County First Girls' School at the age of thirteen. In 1915, she went to Changsha to escape a marriage arranged by her father, with her mother's support, and adopted the name Cai Chang. There she studied music and physical education at the Zhounan Girls' Normal School, graduating in 1916, and then taught physical education at a primary school for two or three years. Her mother often spoke admiringly of the late Qing revolutionary Qiu Jin, who had married into a Xiangxiang family.
Cai believed strongly in women's education and rejected marriage. She, her brother and Mao Zedong swore that they would never marry, a vow that none of them kept. Accounts differ on when she joined the New People's Study Society, which Cai Hesen and Mao founded in 1918. The historian Helen Rappaport writes that she became one of its first women members in the winter of 1917–1918. According to the Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, however, she was considered too young to join at the time and could only listen to the society's meetings at her family home, while her friend Xiang Jingyu, five years her senior, became one of its first women members. Cai later said that she did not become politically aware until she was a student in France.
On 25 December 1919, Cai sailed from Shanghai to France with her mother, a brother and Xiang Jingyu, as part of a work-study programme arranged through the Sino-French Education Association. The women were placed at a girls' school in Montargis, south-east of Paris, where Cai took part in student protests that led to the deportation of more than a hundred Chinese students, including her brother. She sometimes worked in a factory during the day and studied at night. She studied anarchism, Marxism and Leninism alongside other Chinese socialist feminists. Her four years in France were in effect the period of her political awakening. There she met the Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh and joined the New People's Study Society in 1920, the Chinese Socialist Youth League in 1922 and the French branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1923. The same year, she married Li Fuchun, a prominent communist, although Rappaport gives the year of the marriage as 1922.
At the end of 1924, Cai and Li Fuchun left for the Soviet Union, and in February 1925 they enrolled at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow.
Women's work and the Northern Expedition
Cai returned to China with her husband in August 1925 and began decades of work on women's issues and on behalf of women workers. In Guangzhou, she became secretary of the Women's Committee of the CCP's Guangdong–Guangxi Area Committee and worked with He Xiangning in the Central Women's Department of the Kuomintang (KMT), which she had joined. For the following year, she was active in the women's liberation movement and in labour organising. Her Western dress and smoking, habits acquired in France, distanced her from the women factory workers she was trying to organise, and she changed her clothing as a result.
When the Northern Expedition began in 1926, Cai went to Nanchang, where she headed both the CCP's Jiangxi Women's Department and the propaganda section of the KMT's General Political Department. In 1927, she joined the Central Women's Committee and led it in Xiang Jingyu's absence. After the collapse of the alliance between the KMT and the CCP in mid-1927, she formally resigned from the KMT. From 1927 to 1931, she carried out women's work and underground party work in Wuhan, Wuchang, Shanghai and Hong Kong. The only interruption was a visit to Moscow in June and July 1928 to attend the CCP's Sixth National Congress and the Sixth Congress of the Communist International.
Jiangxi Soviet and the Long March
At the end of 1931, Cai was transferred to the Jiangxi Soviet, where she lectured on social history at the Red Army School in Ruijin. Earlier, she had helped to create the Marriage Decree of 1930, which declared that "free choice must be the basic principle of every marriage", and to write the Provisional Constitution of 1931. In February 1932, she became head of the Women's Department of the Jiangxi Provincial Central Committee and acting head of its Organisation Department. The marriage regulations that emerged from the First National Soviet Congress in 1931 had set out the principles of free choice in marriage and of monogamy. Under her leadership, the Women's Department encouraged women to become more self-reliant, to raise production and to take part in the military struggle to establish revolutionary bases.
In January 1934, shortly before the Long March, Cai and her husband were both elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic. During the Long March of 1934–1935, she was responsible for propaganda and for organising work among civilians, while her husband served as a political officer with the First Front Red Army. Her fellow marchers remembered her for singing "La Marseillaise" to raise morale and for staying cheerful despite constant hunger and fatigue.
The security that the communists gained in the north-west after the Long March allowed Cai and her husband, who like Mao were natives of Hunan, to strengthen their positions among the party's leaders. When the American journalist Edgar Snow met her in late 1936, Cai was responsible for winning the support of the local population in the Shaanxi–Gansu–Ningxia Border Region. She spent most of the period from 1936 to 1945 in Yan'an and the northwest, apart from about eighteen months in Moscow, from the autumn of 1938 to March 1940, when she studied at the Comintern school and received medical treatment. She became head of the Women's Committee of the CCP Central Committee in 1937 and served as its secretary from 1941 to 1953. In 1940, she was elected to the executive committee of the Shaanxi–Gansu–Ningxia Women's Federation. Her work, which combined organisation and propaganda, aimed to bring women into the party's general programmes and to establish childcare during the war, including through the National Refugee Children's Association.
During the Yan'an Rectification Movement in 1944, Cai criticised what she called the "feminist" position of some women and argued that men and women had to work together for the revolution to succeed. Her reply to Ding Ling's criticism of continuing patriarchal attitudes in Yan'an showed her firm support for Mao's party line. In 1945, Cai and her husband were elected full members of the CCP Central Committee, and she was the only woman to hold full membership, while Deng Yingchao and Chen Shaomin were elected as alternate members.